Occupational Exposure and Health Risk Stratification across Quarry Operations in Akamkpa, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examined occupational exposure and health risk stratification across quarry operations in Akamkpa, Cross River State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population comprised quarry workers, residents within 1km radius of quarry sites, and healthcare providers in the locality. A total of 400 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling based on occupational roles and distance from quarry sites, while purposive sampling included key informants such as 
medical officers and site managers. Data collection involved structured questionnaires distribution, interviews, focus group discussions, and instrumental monitoring of air pollutants (PM₂. ₅, PM₁₀, SO₂, and CO) using calibrated devices. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, MANOVA, and Ordinal Logistic Regression to establish associations between exposure levels and health outcomes, while GIS mapping provided spatial visualization of risk distribution. Findings revealed that quarry workers, particularly drillers, loaders, and crushers, experienced the highest levels of exposure and reported more frequent respiratory disorders, hearing impairment, and fatigue compared to administrative staff and nearby residents. Environmental monitoring showed pollutant levels exceeding permissible thresholds, especially PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀. Residents within the immediate vicinity also reported elevated cases of coughing, eye irritation, and cardiovascular stress. The study concludes that occupational exposures significantly undermine health, productivity, and community well-being, underscoring the urgent need for targeted mitigation strategies. It recommends stricter regulatory enforcement, improved safety practices, continuous medical surveillance, and the adoption of dust and noise control technologies in quarry operations.